picture1: google images

picture2: google images

picture3: google images

picture4: google images

picture5: google images

picture6: google images

picture7: google images

picture8: google images

Key

picture1:Blackfeet Indian

picture2:Wolf Calf

picture3:Teton Indians

picture4:Americans shoting at Blackfeet Indians

picture5:Blackfoot Indian

picture6:Blackfoot Indian

picture7:Teton Indians

picture8:Teton Indians on the lake that Lewis and Clark traded with them

Mandan Indians

No Native American nation played a more important role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition than the Mandan Indians. This is because they helped the Expedition to enable staying over the winter, helped them trade, and taught the Expedition the geography of the land while hunting. The winter was very harsh because there were many freezing days, in which the temperature was below zero. In December of 1804, the average weather was four degrees above zero. The Mandan Indians traded their corn with the Expedition's axes and sharp small knives made by a former blacksmith, John Shield. The Mandan Indians hunted deer and buffalos with the Expedition. While they were hunting, the Indians taught the Expedition the geography of the land.

The Expedition stayed at Fort Mandan from December 21, 1804 to March 21, 1805. The Expedition named their fort as Fort Mandan in the honor of the Mandan Indians. Fort Mandan was on the Knife River, near Washburn, North Dakota. Supporting their good relationship, there were no fights at Fort Mandan.

During the stay at Fort Mandan, each man ate 9 to 12 pounds of meat everyday in order to keep warm. Although Lewis was not writing a regular journal in the winter of 1804 – 1805, but he wrote many reports to Jefferson. Most of the journal entries were written by William Clark, John Ordway, Patrick Gass, and Joseph Whitehouse.

Clark: “a french man by Name Chabonah (Toussaint Charbonneau), who Speaks the Big Belly language visit us, he wished to hire & informed us his 2 Squares were Snake Indians, we engau him to go on with us and take one of his wives (Sacagawea) to interpret the Snake language.”

The Expedition met Sacagawea when she was aged 16 to 17 on November 11, 1804.

Clark: “a Cold Day Continued at work at the Fort Two men Cut themselves with an ax, The large Ducks pass to the South an Indian gave me Several roles of parched meal two Squars of the Rocky Mountain, purchased from the Indians by a frenchmen Came down The Mandans out hunting the Buffalow—”

Lewis also doctored while he was at the Mandan village. For example, he sawed a thirteen-year boy’s frostbit toe.

While Sacagawea was pregnant, she got sick. Lewis made her to drink the rattles of rattlesnake mixed with water. He did this because Jessaume told him that it was his practice to administer a small portion of the rattles mixed with water. Jessaume was a citizen of the Mandan village who had been living with the Mandan village for fifteen years, participated fully in their ceremonial and social life. He said this method had always worked and it actually worked. On February 11, 1805, Sacagawea gave birth to Jean Baptiste. From this event, the Expedition hired Sacagawea, and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, a French-Canadian fur trapper living among the Hidatsa, as an interpreter with their son, Jean Baptiste. Sacagawea and her son helped Expedition greatly when they met another

Indian tribe, because a woman and a child meant peace in the Indian world.

The Expedition enjoyed playing sports. They prevented the Indians to visit them on Christmas Day, as they said that this was one of their "great medicine days." The American flag was lifted on the fort and saluted with a volley of musketry. There were constant friendly visits from the Indians and they had parties and feasts. Party hunters went out with the Indians to hunt deer and buffalo.

On one cold Christmas day, the Expedition had a party for the whole day and the Mandan Indians all danced with them. Although the weather was twenty-three degrees below zero, the Indians continued to play their sports. Their favorite was a game of which resembled billiards. But instead of a table, the players had an open flooring, about fifty yards long, and the balls were rings of stone. The players shot along the flooring by the system of sticks like billiard-cues.

Gass: “we hoisted the American flag in the garrison, and its first waving in fort Mandan was celebrated with another glass.”

Ordway: “we had the Best to eat that could he had, & continued firing dancing & frolicking dureing the whole day. the Savages did not Trouble us as we had requested them not to come as it was a Great medicine day with us.”

On New Year’s Day, 16 Men of the Expedition went to the first Mandan village with their musical instruments and performed such as dances. One of the French voyageurs was especially applauded when he danced on his hands with his head downwards.

On February 4, 1805, Lewis noted that the Expedition had just about run out of meat.

On April 7, 1805, 13 people of the Expedition went back to give letters and reports to Jefferson. They also brought a present that consisted a stuffed male, female antelope with their skeletons, a weasel, three squirrels from the Rocky Mountains, the skeleton of a prairie wolf male and female blaireau,

[badger] or burrowing dog of the prairie with a skeleton of the female. Jefferson also received two burrowing squirrels, a white weasel, the skin of the louservia [loup-servier, or lynx], the horns of a mountain ram, or big-horn, a pair of large elk horns, the horns and tail of a black-tailed deer, a variety of skins, such as those of the red fox, white hare, marten, yellow bear, obtained from the Sioux. He also got a number of articles of Indian dress, among which was a buffalo robe representing a battle fought about eight years since between the Sioux and Ricaras against the Mandans and Minnetarees.

In conclusion, the Mandan Indians played the most important role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition since they enabled them to stay over the harsh winter with cheerful parties, traded them food with metals that the blacksmith made, and allowed them to hunt the land that was never explored by any American.

Captions (from top to bottom)

1) Fort Mandan

2) Sacagawea, Lewis, and Clark

3) Toussaint Charbonneau

4) Sacagawea

5) Scagawea and Jean Baptiste

6) An American flag with 15 stars

7) Sacagawea, Lewis, and Clark

8) A page from Lewis and Clark's Journal

9) Lewis and Clark

This is an inflamed joint.

Many of the injured men's injuries

became inflamed.

http://images.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi

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Many men suffered from the fever.

This was a sometimes fatal disease.

These are the thorns the men were stepping on while on

their journey.

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This is a small laceration wound many of the

men got while traveling the rough terrain.

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This is a deep cut that many of the men may

have had at some point on the journey.

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This is a mosquito that is carrying the malaria virus.

Meriwether Lewis suffered from this virus.

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This is an xray of a dislocated shoulder which was one of

the many injuries suffered on the journey.

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This is a boil that many of the men

on the journey suffered from.

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On the Lewis and Clark’s journey to explore the west side of the United States they encountered several Indian tribes but the ones that were the most dangerous and tense were Blackfeet and the Teton Sioux.

When Lewis came to the Blackfeet nation Wolf Calf was only 13 years old. Wolf Calf said that the Blackfeet met the “white men” in a friendly fashion. The chief directed some warriors to steal some of their goods. The next morning the “white men” sited them trying to steal their goods so one Blackfeet got killed. The first Native American was just killed by the “white men.” Wolf Calf also said that another white man chased down an Indian boy and killed him with a pistol. Wolf Calf said these were boys who were just horse herders they were not warriors. Darrell Kipp said, “The ultimate insult was Lewis deliberately left a peace medal around the neck of a dead Indian boy.” Lewis quoted in July 26, 1809, “From their known character I expected that we were to have some difficulty with them.”

Lewis’s side of the story was Lewis and the Field brothers were ahead on a scouting mission. His mission brought him right into Blackfeet country. He spotted some Blackfeet Indians and went ahead to meet with them while the Field Brothers stayed behind. They sat down and the Blackfeet Indians asked for some pipe and smoke, and they both said who they were. Lewis misunderstood them for the Atsian Indians. Lewis handed them a medal, a flag, and a handkerchief. Blackfeet made a rough dome with willow branches and they threw dressed buffalo skins over it, and they slept in it for the night. Blackfeet invited them in and they accepted. They took turns asking each other a question. Blackfeet said that the 3 divisions of their tribe was only a day’s march away. They were going to all march to a British trading post. It reminded Lewis of Thomas Jefferson’s worries about how the Canadians were already trading and already supplying some of the Indian tribes. However this gave Lewis an opportunity.

He said they would get a better deal from the Americans. Also he said that neighboring tribes had agreed to a peace treaty and that they would be supplied goods including guns including their rivals. Blackfeet left the dome right away. Lewis had just made a big mistake. He told them he had organized alliances with their enemies. As James Ronda quoted, “The clash of the empires had come to Blackfeet.” That night Lewis fell asleep writing in his journal.

Lewis woke to Drouillard shouting, “Damn you! Let go my gun!” Lewis saw Drouillard and an Indian scuffling for Drouillard’s gun. Lewis reached for his gun but it was not there. He grabbed his pistol and shouted to the Indian, which was running away with his gun, that he would shoot him if he did not drop his rifle. The Indian dropped it so no one shot him. When everyone came back to camp and all the guns were picked up Lewis asked what happened. They explained how they left their guns in the open, how the Indians tried to steal their guns where they left them and how they ran and got them back. However Reubin stabbed one Indian in the heart. But before Lewis could hear that Reubin stabbed and Indian in the heart Lewis noticed that some Blackfeet Indians were trying to drive off their horses. Lewis told them to go after their own horses and shot them if they try to steal their horses. Lewis pursued the Indians that were driving off his horse while the others went after theirs. Lewis caught up with Indians that were trying to drive off his horse. One Indian was armed and pointed a British musket at Lewis.

Lewis reacted fast he took out his rifle and pointed it at the Indian and shot. It hit him right through the belly. But the Blackfoot was not done. He took quick aim and fired. Lewis said, “I felt the wind of his bullet very distinctly.” Lewis thought he did not have the odds so he retreated back to camp. When everybody was back everybody started packing up, putting the saddles on the horses. Four of which were stolen from Blackfeet’s and three of which were from his original bunch of horses.

While everybody was getting ready Lewis burned a couple of things. Articles the Indians left behind, four shields, two bows, and two quivers of arrows. What Lewis took was a musket Blackfeet left behind, the flag Lewis had given them, and he cut off the amulets before throwing the shields in the fire. Mad at the Blackfeet treachery, he left the peace medal; he had given out at last night’s campfire, around the neck of the Indian that Reubin had killed. Then he went on to discover more land out there and leaving the Blackfoot tribe in his dust.

The other hostile interference with Indians was with the Teton Sioux Indians. Lewis and Clark were coming into the Teton Sioux territory. Traveling on boat they spotted some Sioux Indians on the bay in the distance. They went to get the rest of the tribe and tell them that “white men” are coming. They were going up the river and they spotted what looked to be the Teton Sioux campsite and they were right. Lewis and Clark presented medals and a cheap hat to the chiefs. The chiefs were not satisfied. So Clark and Lewis said for them to go on their boat so they could negotiate. So they accepted. When they got on the boat the chiefs demanded that they needed a whole boat full of gifts for the expedition to go on. The Teton Sioux got mad then that all they gave them was some worthless medals and a silly hat. Lewis could not take it anymore. The insults were becoming more and more personal. He took his rifle and ordered all hands on deck. His men loaded up their rifles and prepared to fight. Some Teton Sioux on shore saw this and began to cock their shotguns and they also loaded their arrows and what ever they had on them. He came ashore with caution with his rifle cocked and ready. He started to make dire threats. He said he had, “More medicine on board his boat than would kill twenty such nation in one day.” Also he said to Black Buffalo that, “The expedition must go on and will go on.” He said, “His men were not squaws but warriors.” Clark came ashore and offered his hand to the chiefs, but the chiefs refused. They said the night their.

In the morning Black Buffalo made a request they stop at his tribe. So they accepted and stayed over Black Buffalo tribe’s campsite for a couple of nights. They were about to leave, but Black Buffalo wanted more tobacco for the paying of their stay and the letting go of their boat. Clark through a carrot of tobacco on the bay to satisfy them. Black Buffalo was still not pleased. By this time there were three other Indians holding onto the boat. Lewis could not get why he had to pay for the letting go of the boat. Also why he should supply them when they did not nearly have enough to make it through the whole trip. Now Clark was mad that he had to give extra just for the departure. By this point Black Buffalo mad they would not give them three more carrot sticks of tobacco. To let themselves get away from Black Buffalo’s tribe he threw a piece of tobacco on each of Indian’s hands that were holding their boat. Also he threw some pieces on the bay too and the were off again. On their way to discover new land out there for the Americans.

In the end I think Lewis and Clark were both lucky to come out of both Indian’s campsite alive. I think it would and will be their most hostel points in their lives to the day they died. They were lucky enough to not start a war with both tribes.

Winter With the Clatsop

Fort Clatsop was located at the northwest tip of Oregon. It was
on the southern side of the Columbia River.

The Clatsop Indians informed the Corps that a whale
had washed up on shore. Clark took a group of men to get
blubber and oil.

Pretty much all the Corps of Discovery ate was elk.
They ate elk fresh, elk with spoiled
fish, and elk tongue. They ate elk on Christmas and New Years.

The men in the Corps of Discovery, desperate for tobacco, ate crab tree bark.

Lewis was in a deep depression during the winter. The Indians stole Lewis's
dog and he was ready to burn down the village. Lewis also stole one of the
Indian canoes which was very much unlike him.

Weather was horrible; it rained everyday. There were trees falling, whirlwinds,
lightening, hail, and thunder.

The Clatsop Indians inhabited the northwest tip of what now is Oregon.
The tribe had about 400 people living on the southern side of
the Columbia River. They caught fish, hunted elk, and made fur.
They had few enemies and fought few wars.

The Clatsop and the Chinook were the only Indian tribes encountered by
the Corps of Discovery that made houses out of wooden planks.

Lewis's sketch of how the Clatsop flattened child's heads using two boards.
The Clatsop thought of it as beauty.

Fort Clatsop was were the Corps of Discovery stayed during the winter with the Clatsop.
This is a replica of the real fort; unfortunately the original
fell apart.

Teton Sioux and Blackfeet

The Teton Sioux

The Teton Sioux, or the Lakotas controled a large amount of land near the Missouri River. The controled the orange section of the map. The Lakotas were often attaking their enemy's. Clark called them "a war crazed people."

The Lakotas, like most other Sioux tribes, lived in small teepees, or cone shaped tents. The Lakota village Lewis and Clark visited had eighty teepees, or "lodges."Clark described the village that he visited as "a classic nomadic village."The villages were not nomadic though. There are several nomadic sioux tribes, though.

Black Buffalo (above) was one of the three Teton chiefs that lived in the village that Lewis and Clark stayed at. Black Buffalo was probably the friendliest Lakota that Lewis and Clark met. Black Buffalo was probably the only reason there was not an armed conflict. When the Sioux refused to let the keelboat go and Clark was ready to kill one of the Sioux chiefs, Black Buffalo came and forced the warriors to let the boat go. His only condition was that Clark alowed the women and children of his village to see the keelboat. Clark quickly accepted these terms.

To the right is a Lakota war party. The Lakota were a people constantly at war. The Lakotas were a people who "will steal if they can."The Lakota were the milatary power in the region. Because they traded with Europeans so much, they had guns. The Lakota had a huge arsenal.

A Teton scalp dance (above) was an interesting ritual. Several weeks before the corps arrived, the Tetons had a battle with the Omahas. They killed 65 and captured 25. They took the heads if of some of the killed and mounted them on poles. Then they danced into the night. The corps watched the scull dances.

The women of the Sioux never did mutch in the meeting between the corps and the Tetons. However there was one instance when the women wanted to be with the captains, but they refused.

Blackfeet

The Blackfeet were a huge power in 1806. They had the most guns, the most horses, and the most traders to trade with. When Lewis told them about Jefferson, they felt threatened. The Blackfeet lived in northern Idaho. They Blackfeet were a confederation of thre tribes, the Blackfoot, the Blood, and the Piegens. The Piegens were the Blackfeet that Lewis and his small group of men encountered.

Lewis never encountered a Blackfeet village. If Lewis was not forced to flee after killing the two Blackfeet, he probably would have met the chiefs of the village in person. The Blackfeet lived in large teepees. Most blackfeet village are small.

Divi's Medicine Page

This medicine chest brought on the expedition held all of the medical supplies needed on the journey.

Sacajawea and her baby Pomp, also known as Jean Baptiste, are on a dollar coin. Lewis healed Sacajawea on the expedition when she was very close to death with a high fever, irregular breathing, weak pulse, and twitching. Clark healed Pomp when he was sick with a throat infection.

Medicine Chests held many needed medical supplies, such as these, on the Expedition. Numbers 1 ad 5 are medicine containers. Number 2 is a cupping glass. Number 3 are Dr. Rush's pills. Number 4 is Turkish opium. Numbers 6 and 7 are medicine bottles. Number 8 is a pair of bullet tongs. Number 9 is a straightedge knife. Numbers 10 and 11 are scalpels. Number 12 is a cauterizer. Number 13 is a tenaculum. Number 14 is a retractor. Number 15 is a mortar and pestle. Number 16 is a bone saw, and number 17 is the medicine chest.

Sergeant Charles Floyd was the only man out of 40 on the expedition that died. His death was unpreventable though because his appendix suddenly burst, instantly killing him on August 20, 1804.



Meriwether Lewis was the main doctor of the Corps of Discovery.

President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory in 1803 for 15 million dollars, and he chose Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition to study the newly purchased land. Lewis later chose William Clark to go with him on the expedition.

Dr. Benjamin Rush was the best doctor of that time, and he assisted the Corps of Discovery by training Lewis prior to the expedition. He also made a list of medical supplies that were bought in St. Louis prior to the expedition.

William Clark was the assistant doctor of the Corps of Discovery. He could only cure minor illnesses, with his minimal expertise, but he assisted Lewis to help cure many people.

President Tomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis to study medicine, and many other skills, with Dr. Benjamin Rush because Lewis was the main doctor of the trip. Dr. Rush was one of the greatest physicians of that time. He taught Lewis many skills that were expected to be needed on the journey. Even though Lewis was the main doctor, William Clark also had some medical training before the expedition but not as much as Lewis. He could only treat minor colds, diseases, and infections, but even with his minimal expertise, he still helped many people, especially while with the Nez Perce.





With the expertise of Lewis and Clark on this expedition, the Corps of Discovery made a successful trip that became famous and is now known as The Lewis and Clark Expedition.




Bibliography

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http://www.americassurvivalguide.com/images/Dr-Banjuman.jpg

http://www.factology.com/sacajawea.jpg

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http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/medical_history/lewis_clark/assets/medicine_chest.jpg

http://www.nps.gov/lecl/historyculture/images/meriwether-lewis-square_2.jpg

http://www.siouxcitymuseum.org/images%202/sgt_floyd.jpg